Family Research Council Disregards The Book of Genesis

FRC ignores the Book of Genesis ' use the herbs of the earth as meat' via reactionary interpretations of versus against excess that would define any amount of use as such, even disregarding dosage.  Though supposedly 'evangelical' - 'protestant' , 'Christian',  FRC adopts the stance of the satanic Mystery Babylon as pushed by the Roman Catholic Church

http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-1-29/

And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.

- King James Bible "Authorized Version", Cambridge Edition

 http://www.frc.org/biography/rob-schwarzwalder-senior-vice-president

http://www.frc.org/faithandmarijuana

Christian Faith and Marijuana Use

By Rob Schwarzwalder Senior Vice-President

According to the White House National Office of Drug Control Policy, "Since 1996, 20 states and Washington, D.C. have passed laws allowing smoked marijuana to be used for a variety of medical conditions."^[1] This trend reflects what seems to be a growing national tolerance for the use of marijuana for both recreational and medical purposes.^[2]

In our time, the recreational use of illicit drugs has become increasingly widespread. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) notes that "Illicit drug use in America has been increasing. In 2012, an estimated 23.9 million Americans aged 12 or older-or 9.2 percent of the population-had used an illicit drug or abused a psychotherapeutic medication (such as a pain reliever, stimulant, or tranquilizer) in the past month. This is up from 8.3 percent in 2002." The NIDA goes on to note that "The increase mostly reflects a recent rise in the use of marijuana, the most commonly used illicit drug... In 2012, there were 18.9 million current (past-month) users-about 7.3 percent of people aged 12 or older-up from 14.4 million (5.8 percent) in 2007."^[3]

Some argue that moderate use of a drug like marijuana, which often is seen as non-addictive and a much milder drug than heroin, is no different than having a glass of wine at dinner. However, medical experts have found that marijuana has far more harmful and complex psychoactive effects than a glass of wine.

[source? Apparently FRC is unaware of the 180 degree change in opinion by one of the U.S. government's leading researchers on Cannabis: http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2010/12/top-anti-researcher-180.html]

In this document, the focus will be on the guidance scripture offers concerning substance abuse.

The Bible's Guidance on the Use of Intoxicants

The Bible is clear that drunkenness is wrong (Proverbs 23:21, Isaiah 28:1-8). It makes one vulnerable not only to excessive actions but conduct inconsistent with Godly living. Consequently, using an alcoholic beverage and, by extension, a drug to alter one's mind and emotional state is not only unwise in itself, it is also, more importantly, unacceptable to God. Given the inherently intoxicant nature of hallucinogens, virtually any use of such drugs as marijuana can be viewed as counter to scripture.

None of us can sustain the sound minds and healthy bodies God desires us to have when we place ourselves under the controlling influence of something other than his Spirit. In fact, Paul the Apostle warns believers in Ephesians 5:18 not to be drunk with wine, then contrasts drunkenness with the "filling" of the Spirit. He thus infers concern that just as the Holy Spirit would fill every area of our beings, wine can do the same thing, thereby usurping the role of God in one's life. The principle: Don't let anything but the Spirit of God control your thinking and acting.

The implication for marijuana, which is mind-altering, harmful to the brain, and potentially addictive,^[4] is clear. Additionally, there is really no such thing as "safe" substance abuse. As the Catholic Church's Council for Health Care Workers notes in a recent publication, "so-called soft drugs... [foment] the same type of dependence mentality and the loss of personal dignity that hard drugs produce."^[5]

Responsibility to Care for the Body

From the dietary laws of the Old Testament to Paul's injunction to Timothy to drink a little wine for his stomach's sake (1 Timothy 5:23), God's Word instructs believers to be wise stewards of the physical bodies. He has given humans bodies for his own glory and their own good. Jesus modeled this concern when he called his disciples to "come aside to a deserted place and rest a while, for ... [because] they did not even have time to eat" due to the constant demands of the crowds (Mark 6:31-32).

Consuming a substance that is intrinsically harmful and that diminishes the capacity of the mind and spirit to respond obediently to God clearly violates the scriptural call to faithful stewardship of the body. As Paul asks the Corinthians, "Do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God?" (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). This rhetorical question invites its own answer: If our bodies are his, they do not belong to us and should be stewarded in such a way as to be ready instruments in Christ's hands.

"Present your bodies a living sacrifice," Paul told the church in Rome, "holy, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service of worship" (Romans 12:1). Presentation of our bodies, our very lives, to God is impossible when a drug like marijuana clouds judgment and destroys the capacity for human-divine fellowship.

[DW note- IOW lie to yourself and pretend that Cannabis is intrinsically unhealthy to consume in any amount while alcohol may be acceptable].

Character and Substance Abuse

Throughout scripture, self-control is presented as one of the chief characteristics of the godly person (e.g. Titus 2:11-14; Galatians 5:22-23). A person under the control of anything other than the Spirit of God, be it alcohol, marijuana, or any drug that removes our ability to think coherently and respond honorably to the Lord, is an idol and a dangerous replacement of the work of the Spirit and the Word in our lives.

The Christian has been "predestined to be conformed to the image (God's) Son," Jesus Christ (Romans 8:29). Such conformity is impeded when the believer submits his mind and will to something other than his professed Lord. As Jesus said, no one can serve two masters (Matthew 6:24). Either Christians serve themselves and gratify "the desires of the flesh" (Galatians 5:16) or consciously, constantly, and committedly serve Christ. There is no middle ground, and substance abuse, including the use of marijuana as a vehicle for recreation, offers a stark contrast to submission to the King of kings.

Submission to the Governing Authorities

God's Word also calls Christians to submit to the governing authorities (Romans 13:1-7). Whatever laws are changed or modified at the state level, "It is important to recognize that these state marijuana laws do not change the fact that using marijuana continues to be an offense under federal law. Nor do these state laws change the criteria or process for [Food and Drug Administration] approval of safe and effective medications."^[6]

If, then, Christians are to follow the dictates of the law insofar as they are consistent with God's Word, they should avoid practices that violate statutes established by the authorities set over us by God. This includes obedience to drug laws.

Drug Use and the Occult

In the New Testament, the Greek word pharmakeia (from which we get our word "pharmacy," or drug store) is used for "the employment of drugs, for any purpose; sorcery, magic, enchantment."^[7] In Revelation 9:21 for example, the relationship between the use of drugs ("magic potions") and accessing the demonic world is very clear (cf. Grant Osborn, Revelation. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002, p. 387).

Drug abuse was seen in the ancient world as aiding the user to enter the presence of the demonic. Having lost control of his mind, the person on drugs could more easily be influenced by evil spirits. While to the modern eye this may appear curious, the relationship between substance abuse and demonism is evident in the New Testament and in many areas of the developing world today.

Conclusion

NIDA provides a useful summary of the potential uses of drugs derived from marijuana:
(The) scientific study of the active chemicals in marijuana, called cannabinoids, has led to the development of two FDA-approved medications already, and is leading to the development of new pharmaceuticals that harness the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids while minimizing or eliminating the harmful side effects (including the 'high') produced by eating or smoking marijuana leaves ... Research funded by the NIH is actively investigating the possible therapeutic uses of THC, CBD, and other cannabinoids to treat autoimmune diseases, cancer, inflammation, pain, seizures, substance use disorders, and other psychiatric disorders.^[8] 

[DW note- "pharmakeia" is bad, yet pharmaceuticals are OK whereas a natural herb is unacceptable- that's some "logic"]

Given the potential benefits, some Christian leaders argue that the limited use of therapeutic cannabinoids for medical purposes is justified. However, no prominent Christian leader or denomination believes that the broad decriminalization of marijuana or its common usage reflects the Christian virtue and maturity God calls his people to model.

The Catechism of the Catholic Church summarizes the moral dimensions of substance abuse well:

The use of drugs inflicts very grave damage on human health and life. Their use, except on strictly therapeutic grounds, is a grave offense.

[Blur all drugs together that were illegalized, blur the issue of dosage, and forget the relative toxicities of the different substances, particularly that the intrinsically more toxic ones are the most popularly used legal drugs of alcohol and Tobacco - the latter specifically bred to encourage over consumption, and both the sole two classes of consumables exempted in the U.S. from retail ingredient labeling requirements.]

Clandestine production of and trafficking in drugs are scandalous practices. They constitute direct co-operation in evil, since they encourage people to practices gravely contrary to the moral law.^[9]

Rob Schwarzwalder serves as Senior Vice President for the Family Research Council. He oversees the Communications, Policy, and Church Ministries teams. He previously served as chief-of-staff to two Members of Congress and as a presidential appointee in the administration of George W. Bush.

Rob Schwarzwalder not only disregards the Biblical passages favoring the use of herbs, he ignores that of not lying and stealing, as prohibition not only is based upon lies, particularly disregarding dilution-concentration factors, but also steals property and lives.  Family Research Council is merely a Mystery Babylon-Roman Catholic front group.

http://continuingcounterreformation.blogspot.com/2008/07/roman-catholic-church-cocaine.html

Also see:

http://continuingcounterreformation.blogspot.com/2014/12/the-unchristian-westboro-baptist-church.html

Jesuitical Gov Brown Against MJ Legalization-Regulation

continuing the criminal Roman Catholic Church's criminal mercantilism against MJ popularized by Vatican suck up Wiliiam Randolf Hearst

http://blogs.alternet.org/speakeasy/2010/06/30/california-rallying-cry-vote-green-not-brown/

California Rallying Cry?: Vote Green, Not Brown

In an apparent attempt to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory, California gubernatorial candidate Jerry Brown yesterday expressed his opposition to the Tax Cannabis 2010 campaign to make marijuana legal in the state.

Mr. Brown, who is was in Monterrey for a conference, said legalizing the drug would open the flood gates for the ruthless and deadly Mexican drug cartels.

“Every year we get more and more marijuana and every year we find more guys with AK-47’s coming out of Mexico going into forests and growing more and more dangerous and losing control,” Mr. Brown said.

For the purpose of this short post, I will not address in full here the idiocy of decrying the involvement of drug cartels in the marijuana trade while opposing a regulated system of distribution. Suffice it to say that burying your head in your ass the sand and hoping the drug war will eliminate drug cartels from the planet hasn’t been the most effective tactic over the past few decades.

But this post is about politics, not policy. The problem for Brown is that he is potentially turning off hundreds of thousands of voters who will be showing up in November simply to vote to make marijuana legal. Many of these “green” voters don’t give a real hoot who the next governor of the state is, as long as they can purchase their recreational drug of choice safely, conveniently and legally.

That said, single-issue marijuana voters tend to lean toward the Democratic side of the spectrum, so their votes would likely benefit Brown overall. The only thing that could reverse that likelihood is Brown dissing Proposition 19, as the initiative is now known. (Brown supporters should hope that the campaign is carefully studying polling data to determine his standing among individuals who will be turning out to vote because of the Tax Cannabis initiative.)

Here is my political advice to Mr. Brown. From now on, if he is asked about Proposition 19, he should say, “I have some concerns about the initiative, which I hope could be addressed by the state legislature if it passes, but if I am elected to be the next governor of the state I certainly plan to respect the will of the people.”

If he chooses to ignore this advice, he may be hearing or seeing – or simply feeling the effects of — the following slogan in the fall: “Vote green, not Brown.”

Steve is the director of state campaigns for the Marijuana Policy Project, co-founder of Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation (SAFER), and co-author of "Marijuana is Safer: So why are we driving people to drink?" (Chelsea Green, August 2009).

---

About Jerry Brown:

http://www.jerrybrown.org/about

Edmund G. Brown, Jr., known as Jerry, was born in San Francisco on April 7, 1938. He attended both public and parochial schools, graduating from St. Ignatius High School in 1955. He completed his freshman year at the University of Santa Clara before entering Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit seminary in August 1956. Two years later, he took vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. In 1960, he left the Society of Jesus and enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley. He received his B.A. degree in Classics the next year and then entered Yale Law School, where he graduated in 1964.

Following law school, Brown worked as a law clerk to California Supreme Court Justice Mathew Tobriner, traveled and studied in Mexico and Latin America and then took up residence in Los Angeles, working for the prestigious law firm, Tuttle & Taylor. In 1969, Brown was elected to the Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, placing first in a field of 124. In 1970, he was elected California Secretary of State. During his term, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws, exposed President Nixon’s use of falsely notarized documents to improperly earn a large tax deduction and drafted and helped pass the California Fair Political Practices Act. Brown personally argued before the state Supreme Court and won against Gulf, Mobile and Standard Oil for election law violations (Brown vs. Superior Court).

Brown was elected Governor in 1974 and reelected in 1978, by over one million votes.

---

Some comments from the above linked article, reflecting that Jerry Brown serves the whims of the existing political pyramid:

• mikesoul: If anyone thinks that Jerry Brown will offer a progressive alternative to the Republicans, they should read the article that the SF Chronicle published on March 4, 2010, after interviewing him. Brown made it clear he was running as a centrist who will not challenge the status quo on anything, and certainly not the state budget--he even supports continuing the two thirds requirement for budgets to pass. What you can expect from Brown is not bold progressive leadership and real substantive change, but rather more of the same.

• matthewsbeachmikek: I am still amazed at the politicians who don't get it, especially those like Brown who has to know dozens of people who smoke or smoked pot: the war over the legalization of cannabis is over. A politician who gets out in front of this issue will gain more votes than he or she loses. The facts are just too persuasive, ultimately. And politicians nowadays worth their salt should be able to present the issue to voters on multiple fronts.


Such is what I term the dynamics of a political system dominated by a pyramid hierarchy, one that relies upon having two controlled-contrived sides to a political debate, and keeping the people fearful of breaking out of such, as the following statement reflects.

• grolaw: Single issue voters are anathema to democracy. Meg Whitman has committed $150 Meg of her own money to gain the Governor's Office in CA. Think about the implications of that, massive investment, on the part of the former eBay executive and billionaire. No good businessperson makes an investment without expecting a profitable return on that investment. What does Meg Whitman want and how does she expect to realize the return on her investment? Pot politics pales in the light of a Whitman holding office in Sacramento.


How can ‘pot politics’ so pale when they at are the stage where California could become the first US State to break MJ from the criminal mercantilist drug war, and the supposedly ‘progressive’ Democrat, Jesuit Jerry Brown is already leading over Whitman, and would be likelier to pick up votes by favoring rather then opposing MJ legalization?

• winchelenator: According to the latest poll, Brown leads Whitman 45% to 39%, so I don't know why he feels the need to come out against weed at this point. Wasn't he talking pro-legalize some years back? If so, why the flip flop?
• woodyc: He’s always been that way, (flip flops); I guess he is just a politician
• moldy: Jeeze, those comments condemning prop 19 are surprising to say the least. It used to be political suicide to support marijuana but now people know its safe and non toxic. Using the old scare tactics don't work anymore. We've heard it ALL before. But I don’t get it. There is a majority of voters that support prop 19 and like 36% against it. We all know that prohibition is a failure and a fucking colossal one at that. Why would he shoot himself in the foot? Is this moral high ground a short cut to the Gov’s mansion? Or maybe the Prison Guard Union got a hold of him with some $$$$$? A failed initiative is exactly what Brown and his Union is betting on otherwise they may have to shut down some very profitable prisons.


Indeed, this reflects the reality of a grossly corrupt hierarchy that continually profits from the drug war criminal mercantilism, from such entities as the ‘Fraternal Order of Police’ founded in May, 1915, to such interests directly protected, including big pharm and the cigarette industry.


Jerry Brown's Religious Roots
http://spirituallysmart.blogspot.com/2008/11/jerry-brown-jesuit-agent-from-hell.html

Anti-Christ Opium Prohibition

- Everyone seems to be bent upon making opiates more dangerous

- This is done ostensibly because it is physically addictive though less so then "legal" Tobacco/cigarettes

- Note the prevalence of supposedly "moral" "Christians, as the inhabitants of the US Congress and Senate amongst this pharmacratic inquisition's enablers, and with the Opium using societies that the pharmaceutical inquisition turned into those injecting heroin

The Pharmacratic Inquisition- Subverting Public Health
Pharmacratic Mentality- Favoring Toxicity
The Pharmacratic Inquisition- Deceiving the Masses
Promoting Drug Abuse By Ignoring Pharmacokinetics

Anti-Christ Cocaine Prohibition

Vin Mariani - Mariani's Coca Wine - and Pope Leo XIII

http://continuingcounterreformation.blogspot.com/2008/07/roman-catholic-church-cocaine.html






It contained extract of Coca leaves, with 6 milligrams of the alkaloid cocaine per fluid ounce.

It was found to be an effective and safe product, endorsed by prestigious medical doctors for a variety of uses, starting as a vocal aid for opera performers. Its uses included that as a treatment for addictions to Opium, alcohol and even Tobacco. In Paris, Mesureur, the French Ex-Minister of Commerce, and the current (in 1910) Director of Hygiene and Public Health, who approved and signed the French government's radical poster campaign against alcoholism, would state that:

http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2008/03/coca-to-combat-opiate-alcohol-and.html

“The dangers of alcoholism would be avoided if no other stimulant were taken for mental or physical trials than that offered by the generous."

“I have also employed it in cases, happily rare in our army, of chronic alcoholism resulting from the abuse of brandy, absinthe or strong liquors. The produced all the excitement sought by drinkers, but had at the same time a sedative influence on their nervous systems. I have frequently seen hardened drinkers renounce their fatal habit and return to a healthy condition." "I have also used to save smokers of exaggerated habits, from nicotinism. A few glasses of taken in small doses, either pure or mixed with water, acted as a substitute for pipes and cigars, because the smokers found in it the cerebral excitement which they sought in tobacco, wholly preserving their intellectual faculties."

The amount of cocaine was absorbed slowly, resulting in a relatively long lasting effect that ebbed away gently without depressive rebound or craving- as seen with cocaine in concentrated doses- hence it did not produce addictive toxic-mania behavior. Furthermore, because cocaine is a powerful anesthetic, its consumption in this oral dilute form discouraged excessive consumption as this anesthetic action would numb one’s stomach, reducing one’s appetite for more.

The negative effects of concentrated cocaine were observed shortly after its commercial introduction about 1884, particularly with its administration via subcutaneous injection.

http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2008/03/drug-warriors-ignore-pharmacokinetics.html
http://freedomofmedicineanddiet.blogspot.com/2008/03/crystalline-gleam-in-eyes-of-fathers-of.html

After three and half decades of Vin Mariani sale and use, its creator Angelo Mariani was summoned to the Vatican- ultimately twice. In January 1898, Pope Leo XIII issued Mariani a gold papal medal awarding him as a benefactor of humanity. In January 1904, Leo XIII’s successor Pope Pius X issued Mariani another such medal. It is not publicly known what exactly transpired between Mariani and the Vatican.

Yet within a few months, the political scene turned against Mariani and Coca with an apparent vengeance. In 1904, members of Roman Catholic orders as the Knights of Columbus Harvey Washington Wiley, an important figure in the American Medical Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, the Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry at the USDA, and Knights of Malta member, publisher William Randolph Hearst began a crusade against cocaine in any form regardless of the concentration factor.

This crusade included denouncing Vin Mariani and Coca (and unpatentable herbs in general) as ineffective through the AMA, and in various newspaper articles published via Hearst via collaboration between Wiley, Hearst and a newspaper/magazine writer Samuel Adams Hopkins. It included an AMA/APhA campaign for “model” legislation through the various State legislatures to ban Coca products, and via Federal legislation as the so called Pure Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906 which did not necessarily ban Coca products, and provided a seemingly innocuous labeling requirement for cocaine and opiates, but which gave the USDA dictatorial powers to declare a substance “deleterious” and hence its inclusion in food products as “adulteration.”

With cocaine being so defined as deleterious – without regard to the amount or concentration – and with other such stimulants not included in the labeling requirement, placed Coca at a serious market disadvantage to Coffee and Tobacco- the latter which was excluded from such regulation by the 1906 Act’s definition of USDA authority over substances included in the US Pharmacopeia, from which Tobacco had been conveniently dropped during the preceding year- 1905! Though Coca/cocaine was still permitted in products marketed as drugs, the prescription requirement and the propaganda against it only further discouraged its commerce- all perhaps to the greatest benefit of the growing industry in Tobacco cigarettes.

Indeed, USDA documents throughout the following years would stress the concern of Coca’s use as a Tobacco habit cure, which zero mention of the relative health effects- e.g. Coca being non physically addictive and non carcinogenic, while Tobacco was more physically addictive then heroin and carcinogenic.

Notably the USDA had experimented with the commercial feasibility of growing Coca within the US cir 1904, and though I have not been able to locate any report, only a newspaper article, they would have found that it would require hothouses as Coca is a perennial shrub that can’t survive frost, while Tobacco is such a major US agricultural; commodity dating back to the 1600s, that its likeness with that of Corn adorns the tops of the columns of the US Capitol building in Washington, D.C.

The powerful interests that run the US government would lobby successfully to have Coca outright banned via a prescription requirement making it into today’s “controlled substance” by 1914 with the Harrison “Narcotic” Tax Act.

Although of dubious constitutionality – note that the US government had to pass a constitutional amendment to ban the manufacturer, transport and sale of alcoholic beverages – the Harrison Act’s prohibition via taxation was upheld by a compliant US Supreme Court , and acquiesced by a compliant population fed a William Randolph Hearst media campaign of double standards and lies- with its perversion of the market to concentrated cocaine the natural result of a prohibition banning herbal Coca and pure cocaine without regard to potency/concentration- promoting drug abuse and crime used to continually further the problem.

Such laws would be pushed worldwide via various US pushed “Opium” conferences/conventions, eventually repealing the various nation’s allowances for dilute Coca preparations through the 1920s, and later through the U.N.

The health results of this have been a disaster, particularly when we include the market protection for Tobacco/cigarettes, yet the Roman Catholic Church or any of the so-called “Protestant” churches apparently never lifted a finger to stop any of this madness.




The Drug War Promotes Drug Abuse
How The Narcs Created Crack
It Was Criminal Mercantilism To Protect Tobacco Cigarettes
Freedom of Medicine and Diet- Coca Forgotten Medicine

Mariani's Attempt at Dialogue With 'Knight' Wiley

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

There is evidence that Mariani & Company attempted a dialogue with Wiley around 1908. There is a set of Mariani Figures Contemporaines in the U.S. Library of Congress complete from 1893 through the 1907 edition (but none of the later editions which ran through 1913, with a final edition released in 1925), each with a placard noting their donation in 1941 by “Mrs. Harvey Washington Wiley”.

And there is a letter included in Wiley’s papers at the US National Achieves, dated December 9, 1908 from Jacob Jaros on Mariani & Company letter-head with a lithograph of the Mariani laboratory at Neully-Sur-Seine, France. This letter requested a meeting with Wiley while Jaros and his wife were traveling in Washington, D.C. However, there is less indication of whether such a dialogue ever took place. While hundreds of other such letters received by Wiley that are contained within his collection of papers (available at the U.S. National Archives II in Beltsville, Maryland), are accompanied by drafts of his replies, no such Wiley response accompanies this Jaros letter.

But they do include a letter received at the same time inviting Wiley to attend a “smoker” at Washington DC’s prestigious Cosmos Club for the various

“knights that have shown great prowess”.

This letter does not specify the name of any organization of such “knights”. There are a number of such established organizations that employ that term within their name: Knights of Templar; Knights of Malta; Knights of Columbus: all of these being connected to the Roman Catholic Church. This is notable because Mariani had received such lavish praise from the Vatican in 1898 and 1904, yet where can one find any indication of any subsequent support for Coca from the Roman Catholic Church against this 20th century anti-Coca (and indeed, anti-medical freedom) crusade?

Harvey Washington Wiley
Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry of the
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),
a "Knight" that has shown "great prowess"

Knights of a New Dark Age: the USDA, APhA, AMA, Harvey Wiley, Samuel Adams Hopkins, and William Randolph Hearst

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

Harvey Washington Wiley
b. October 30, 1844 - d. June 30, 1930

These were the main visible players in the early 1900s crusade to stymie the sale and use of Coca within the industrialized world, in that nation that would be instrumental in pushing this crusade internationally and universally, starting in the USA

The United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A) was founded under the Administration of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 to further the interests of US agriculture. According to its web site in 2005 in a letter from its Secretary Mike Johnson:

• USDA is responsible for the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products.
• USDA is a research leader in everything from human nutrition to new crop technologies that allow us to grow more food and fiber using less water and pesticides.
• USDA helps ensure open markets for U.S. agricultural products and provides food aid to needy people overseas.

http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navtype=MA&navid=ABOUT_USDA

The American Pharmaceutical Association, a private group, was founded in 1852 to further the interests of its members. According to its web site in 2005;

The American Pharmacists Association (APhA), the national professional society of pharmacists, founded in 1852 as the American Pharmaceutical Association, is the first-established and largest professional association of pharmacists in the United States. The more than 50,000 members of APhA include practicing pharmacists, pharmaceutical scientists, student pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and others interested in advancing the profession.

The Association is a leader in providing professional information and education for pharmacists and an advocate for improved health of the American public through the provision of comprehensive pharmaceutical care.

The American Medical Association is a private group funded in 1856 to further the interests of its members.

Harvey Washington Wiley, born 1844, died 1930, held important positions within the U.S.D.A. (Bureau of Chemistry Chief: 1883-1912), the APhA and the AMA, who got his start in the analysis of sugars as a sugar-industry consultant, and who became active in the crusade against Coca as a “habit-forming” substance around 1904. According to the biography of him on the web site of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration:

http://www.fda.gov/oc/commissioners/wiley.html

Harvey Washington Wiley was born in a log farmhouse in Indiana, in 1844. A top graduate of Hanover College (1867), Wiley then studied at Indiana Medical College where he received his M.D. in 1871. After he graduated, Wiley accepted a position teaching chemistry at the medical college, where he taught Indiana's first laboratory course in chemistry beginning in 1873. Following a brief interlude at Harvard, where he was awarded a B.S. degree after only a few months of intense effort, he accepted a faculty position in chemistry at the newly opened Purdue University in 1874. In 1878, Wiley traveled overseas where he attended the lectures of August Wilhelm von Hoffman the celebrated German discoverer of several organic tar derivatives, including analine. While in Germany, Wiley was elected to the prestigious German Chemical Society founded by Hoffman. Wiley spent most of his time in the Imperial Food Laboratory in Bismarck working with Eugene Sell, mastering the use of the polariscope and studying sugar chemistry. Upon his return to Purdue, Wiley was asked by the Indiana State Board of Health to analyze the sugars and syrups on sale in the state to detect any adulteration. He spent his last years at Purdue studying sorghum culture and sugar chemistry, hoping, as did others, to help the United States develop a strong domestic sugar industry. His first published paper in 1881 discussed the adulteration of sugar with glucose.

Wiley was offered the position of Chief Chemist in the U. S. Department of Agriculture by George Loring, the Commissioner of Agriculture, in 1882. Loring was seeking to replace Peter Collier, his current Chief Chemist, with someone who could employ a more objective approach to the study of sorghum, the potential of which as a sugar source, was far from proven. Wiley accepted the offer after being passed over for the presidency of Purdue, allegedly because he was "too young and too jovial," unorthodox in his religious beliefs, and also a bachelor. Wiley brought with him to Washington a practical knowledge of agriculture, a sympathetic approach to the problems of agricultural industry and an untapped talent for public relations. After assisting Congress in their earliest questions regarding the safety of the chemical preservatives then being employed in foods, Wiley was appropriated $5,000 in 1902 to study the effects of a diet consisting in part of the various preservatives on human volunteers. These famous "poison squad" studies drew national attention to the need for a federal food and drug law. Wiley soon became a crusader and coalition builder in support of national food and drug regulation which earned him the title of "Father of the Pure Food and Drugs Act" when it became law in 1906.1 Wiley authored two editions of Foods and Their Adulteration (1907 and 1911), which detailed for a broad audience the history, preparation and subsequent adulteration of basic foodstuffs. He was also a founding father of the Association of Official Analytic Chemists, and left a legacy to the American pure food movement as its "crusading chemist" that was both broad and substantial.

The fact that enforcement of the federal Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was given to the Bureau of Chemistry rather than placed in the Department of Commerce or the Department of the Interior is a tribute to the scientific qualifications which the Bureau of Chemistry brought to the study of food and drug adulteration and misbranding. The first food and drug inspectors were hired to complement the work of the laboratory scientists, and an inspection program was launched which revolutionized the country's food supply within the first decade under the new federal law. Wiley's tenure, however, was marked by controversy over the administration of the 1906 statute which he had worked so hard to secure. Concerns over preserving chemicals, which had not been specifically addressed in the law, continued to be controversial. The Secretary of Agriculture appointed a Referee Board of Consulting Scientists, headed by Ira Remsen at Johns Hopkins to repeat Wiley's human trials of preservatives. The use of saccharin, bleached flour, caffeine, and benzoate of soda were all important issues which had to be ultimately settled by the courts in the early days under the new law. Under Wiley's leadership, however, the Bureau of Chemistry grew significantly, both in strength and in stature after assuming responsibility for the enforcement of the 1906 Act. Between 1906 and 1912, Wiley's staff expanded from 110 to 146 and in 1910 the Bureau moved into its own building. Appropriations, which had been only $155,000 in 1906 were $963,780 in 1912.

In 1912, Wiley resigned and took over the laboratories of Good Housekeeping Magazine [a William Randolph Hearst publication] where he established the Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval and worked tirelessly on behalf of the consuming public. Harvey Wiley died at his home in Washington in 1930, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

*Although the Pure Food and Drug Act was signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 6, 1906, it did not become effective until Jan. 1, 1907. Dr. Wiley had been conducting laboratory studies on food adulteration as part of his job with the Department of Agriculture since 1883.

Wiley would be lionized by a series of articles and books, including those by some of his employees, as some sort of “quack-buster”.

http://www.cspinet.org/new/fda.html

The FDA Commissioner's Special Citation medal is the highest award the agency bestows on citizens or organizations who promote public health. The bronze medallion bears the likeness of Dr. Harvey Wiley, considered the "father of the FDA." Wiley, a chemist and medical doctor, began his career in the 1870s exposing the adulteration of food products with cheaper ingredients. He was later named the federal government's chief chemist. Wiley was instrumental in securing passage of the landmark Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906, the first of several legislative acts that led to the creation of the modern FDA in 1931.

Wiley would also be reassessed, owing to numerous example of his twisting science via employing gross double standards to suit political agendas, including when this grossly undermined his stated principle or protecting consumers from dangerous goods. According to The Politics of Purity Harvey Washington Wiley and the Origins of Federal Food Policy by Clayton A. Coppin and Jack High

http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=16349

Spearheaded by Harvey Washington Wiley, the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906 launched the federal regulation of food and drugs in the United States. Wiley is often lauded as a champion of public interest for bringing about a law that required healthful ingredients and honest labeling. Clayton Coppin and Jack High demonstrate, however, that Wiley was in fact surreptitiously allied with business firms that would benefit from regulation and moreover, that the law would help him build his government agency, the Federal Bureau of Chemistry.

Coppin and High discuss such issues as Wiley's efforts to assign the law's enforcement to his own bureau. They go on to expose the selectivity of Wiley's enforcement of the law, in which he manipulated commercial competition in order to reward firms that supported him and penalize those that opposed him. By examining the history of the law's movement, the authors show that, rather than acting in the public interest, Wiley used the Pure Food and Drugs Act to further his own power and success. Finally, they analyze government regulation itself as the outcome of two distinct competitive processes, one that takes place in the market, the other in the polity.
The book will interest scholars concerned with government regulation, including those in economics, political science, history, and business.

Clayton Coppin is a management consultant and historian, Koch Industries, Wichita.
Jack High is Professor of Economics, George Mason University.

According to one review:

Traditional scholarship about health and safety regulation portrayed government programs as the good guys and corporations as the bad guys. Gabriel Kolko and George Stigler make us realize that much government regulation of the economy was in fact requested rather then resisted by business.

A modified version of the Stigler Kolko analysis is now in the ascendancy among regulatory scholars. Regulation is now seen as the result of complex competitive interaction between some firms seeking to reduce competition from some other firms and some agencies seeking to grow relative to other agencies within the government. This gem of a book, the result of the collaboration between a historian and an economist, tells the story of the Pure Food and Drug Act as a complex interaction between various food and beverage companies and a government agency, The Bureau of Chemistry (of the USDA), that was threatened with extinction.

Harvey Washington Wiley, the main author and proponent of the Pure Food and drug Act, traditionally has been viewed by the press and scholars as the defender of pure food and honest labeling. But as the authors point out, the conflicts engendered by Wiley’s proposals to regulate the manufactured food industry “were not contest between good and evil, or purity and adulteration, or honesty and fraud. They were contests over who would benefit and lose from regulatory activity” (p169). Coppin and High continue: "[Wiley’s] enforcement of the act did not improve the health of the consumer….If anything, Wiley’s enforcement worsened the ability of consumers to make informed judgments about food and drugs.” (p167)… “In short”, they say, “none of the lion’s share of his enforcement efforts furthered the interests of the consumer in any significant way.” (p.168).

The story of the Pure Food and Drug Act, as told by Coppin and High, reveals one of the “chief dangers” of regulation in a democratic society, namely, that “personal opinion and special interest can masquerade as objective science and public good, thereby corrupting even potentially useful law."(p.171).

Although Wiley was well-known for his “poison” squad experiments upon the toxicities of various food substances, he never produced any such results for Coca or even isolated cocaine.

Samuel Hopkins Adams
b. January 26, 1871 - d. November 15, 1958

Samuel Adams Hopkins was a writer hired by William Randolph Hearst and directed to work with Harvey Wiley, in what the pro-Wiley historian James Harvey Young has described as a "hand-in-glove-relationship” to produce a series of articles against non-patentable medicinal herbal preparations: ironically titled “The Great American Fraud”.

William Randolf Hearst

b. April 29, 1863 - d. August 14, 1951

William Randolph Hearst was a major media tycoon who eventually owned dozens of newspapers and magazines in the US and elsewhere in the English speaking world, who became a collector of antiquities imported from or through Europe, and was well-connected with the Vatican.

Hearst's papers no-holds barred attacks on Coca preparations were particularly vicious and clever; though avoided even mentioning Coca, their juxtaposition of articles almost seemed designed to undermine the existing legitimate markets in licit Coca preparations. An example was the Tuesday, January 15, 1907 The New York Evening Journal bannering a picture of New York State legislator Alfred E. Smith beneath the headline "Bill in Legislature to Smash Cocaine Traffic" (with the bill's fine print about "or any preparation", next to an article "People Taking Fewer Patent Medicines" – which, as the term “patent medicines” was being mis-defined, would include Coca preparations as Vin Mariani.

The New Crusade for a Pharmacratic Inquisition via the Basilica of Cornstalks and Tobacco Leaves

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

The New Volatile Politics: U.S. Drug Law Apostasy

Within the next 15 years after the Popes feted Mariani, Coca all but disappeared from vast swaths of major industrialized world consumer markets, virtually prohibited by laws illegalizing its sale outside of non-refillable prescriptions, and largely forgotten by a medical profession that was turning its backs upon plant based substances defined as drugs, in favor of the then relatively new class of synthetic substances defined as drugs, within a political situation where how things were defined was not necessarily consistent with science nor public health.

Coca did not become prohibited because of any showing that it was detrimental to public health. Rather it was vilified by those citing the acute toxicities of concentrated cocaine (that is, when taken over a short period of time in high doses), who publicly assumed this translated to Coca being unacceptably dangerous (whether acute or over time), whereas Tobacco and Coffee were not). This position, previously adopted by some within the south-eastern United States with its market motive to protect Tobacco, was adopted by a number of national US organizations about 1904 involved with political matters relating to medicine and to foods.

It correlates to the market competition involving two plants.

One is long grown in the continental U.S. as a commodity enshrined solidly at the top of the columns of the U.S. Capitol building and a major commodity crop commodity in North America before the creation of the U.S. during its 1776-1783 war for independence.

The other was being touted as replacement but can’t be grown outdoors in almost all of the U.S. but for portions of southern Florida, Texas, and portions of the South west, and is thus a foreign agricultural crop commodity primarily exported from South America’s west coast; that’s a coast that was otherwise soon destined to become significantly “closer” to North Atlantic markets with the impending completion of the Panama Canal: a project that the US re-started in 1903, and would reduce shipping distances from Peru to New York or Europe by 9,000 miles upon opening in August of 1914.

Tobacco had been a major crop and Coca after all was being touted as a means to combat the Tobacco habit, something unlikely to endear it to U.S. Tobacco interests.

It also correlates with a more generalized movement to further peoples’ liberties under the guise of protecting society, but done in the name of more mundane political objectives of controlling markets for the sake of various political interests of Tobacco and pharmaceuticals, and against non-patentable medicinal substances: IOW plants.

Coca Apogee 1898 and 1904: The Vatican Fetes Angelo Francois Mariani

From my unpublished manuscript "Coca- Forgotten Medicine"

The idea of commercially available Coca in general, and in particular, reached its peak of earthy praise at the turn of the century, with the Vatican's summoning of Angelo Mariani.

Twice, the Vatican issued Mariani gold medals bearing the face of the Pope, and declaring Mariani a "benefactor of humanity" for making Coca available to the world.

The first such medal was issued January 2, 1898 from Leo XIII (born March 2, 1810, elected pope February 20, 1878; died 20 July, 1903 at age 93).

The second such medal was issued January 22, 1904 from Pope Pius X (born June 2, 1835; elected Pope August 3, 1903; died August 20, 1914 at age 79) ”Testifying to the Benefits of Vin Mariani ”.

Any transcripts or accounts of the dialog between Mariani and these Popes and their associates are unknown to the general public.

In 1898, nowhere was coca illegal, with any cocaine related laws restricting the concentrated forms of the drug with prescription and “poison” labeling requirements, (such as the hydrochloride and the inject able solutions), and with Coca products enjoying growing sales (such as , Coca-Cola and other Coca wines and soft drinks, as well as …coca cigarettes, cheroots and cigars). In 1899, the only exception would be the State of Georgia in the south-eastern U.S.

Yet following January 1904 this was to change at a drastically increasing rate.

Vin Mariani production facility